Book: Dalail an-Nubuwwah by Bayhaqi

٢ - طريقة ابن خلدون في إثبات النبوة:

Chapter: 2 - Ibn Khaldun's Method of Proving Prophethood:

Volume: intro (Page:14)

English:

On Attaining Certainty in Prophethood:

“Whoever begins his day with a single worry, God Almighty saves him from the concerns of this world and the hereafter. When you've put this to the test a thousand, two thousand, or thousands of times, you attain a necessary level of knowledge that needs no dispute. By this path seek certainty in prophethood, not from the staff turning into a snake, or the splitting of the moon, because if you consider these alone, without taking into account the countless other signs beyond enumeration, you might imagine they are magic or illusion, even a divine misguidance, for God Almighty: ‘He leads astray whom He wills, and guides whom He wills.’ And you'll be faced with the miracles. If your faith is based solely on their interpreted meaning, your faith will be shaken by any doubts raised against them. Let miracles be one of many proofs and signs to consider, until you attain a level of knowledge that you can't specifically identify. Just as one can’t claim certainty based on a single specific statement, but rather from an accumulation of knowledge and proof they don’t quite comprehend in entirety...This is the strong, practical faith.”

Ibn Khaldun’s Approach to Affirming Prophethood:

Ibn Khaldun, in his introduction, stated, “Know that God, the Exalted, chose among humans those whom he addressed directly, naturally predisposed them to His knowledge, and made them intermediaries between Him and His servants. They inform people of their interests, urge them to follow His guidance, and hold them back from the fires of hell, showing them the path to salvation. The knowledge and miracles they manifest, and the information they disseminate about unseen realities inaccessible to humans, could only come from one with access to...

Arabic:

«من أصبح وهمومه هم واحد، كفاه الله تعالى هموم الدنيا والآخرةفإذا جرّبت في ألف، وألفين، وآلاف حصل لك علم ضروري لا تتمارى فيه.فمن هذا الطريق: اطلب اليقين بالنبوة، لا من قلب العصا ثعبانا، وشق القمر، فإن ذلك إذا نظرت إليه وحده، ولم تنضم إليه القرائن الكثيرة الخارجة عن الحصر، ربما ظننت أنه سحر وتخييل وأنه من الله إضلال، فإن الله تعالى:يُضِلُّ مَنْ يَشاءُ، وَيَهْدِي مَنْ يَشاءُ.وترد عليك أسئلة المعجزات، فإن كان مستندا إيمانك إلى كلام منظوم في وجه دلالة المعجزة، فينخرم إيمانك بكلام مرتب في وجوه الأشكال والشبهة عليها.فليكن مثل الخوارق، إحدى الدلائل والقرائن في مجلة نظرك حتى يحصل لك علم ضروري لا يمكنك ذكر مستنده على التعيين كالذي يخبره جماعة بخبر متواتر لا يمكنه أن يذكر أن اليقين مستفاد من قول واحد معين، بل من حيث لا يدري، ولا يخرج عن جملة ذلك ولا بتعيين الآحاد ... فهذا هو الإيمان القوي العملي» أ. هـ.٢- طريقة ابن خلدون في إثبات النبوة:قال ابن خلدون في المقدمة:«اعلم أن الله- سبحانه- اصطفى من البشر أشخاصا فضلهم بخطابه، وفطرهم على معرفته، وجعلهم وسائل بينه وبين عباده: يعرفونهم بمصالحهم، ويحرضونهم على هدايتهم، ويأخذون بحجزاتهم عن النار، ويدلّونهم على طريق النجاة.وكان- فيما يلقيه إليهم من المعارف ويظهره على ألسنتهم من الخوارق والأخبار- الكائنات، المغيبة عن البشر التي لا سبيل الى معرفتها، إلا من على

Volume: intro (Page:15)

English:

Their Tongues are from Allah

Their tongues are a medium from Allah, only acknowledged through His teaching. As the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said, "I only know what Allah has taught me." Understand that their truthfulness in this is essential due to its specificity and necessity, as will become clear to you when the essence of prophecy is explained.

The Signs of this Category of Humans

The sign of these human beings is their absence from those present with them during the revelation, covered as if in a faint or fainting in the eyes of the onlooker, which is different from either. The truth is a complete immersion in a meeting with the spiritual angel: aware of what is suitable for them, beyond human comprehension. Then the experience descends to human perceptions; either by hearing a sound of speech and understanding it, or a figure of a person speaking to them from what was brought forth from Allah. Then that state lifts from them, and they become aware of what was cast upon them.

The Prophet Describes Revelation

The Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, when asked about revelation, said, "Sometimes it comes to me like the ringing of a bell, which is the hardest on me. It then leaves, and I have understood what was said. And sometimes the angel appears to me as a man speaking to me, and I understand what he says." During this, the Prophet would feel such intensity and mental immersion that he was unable to express. In the Hadith, it says, "[The Prophet] was dealt intensely during the revelation." Aisha said, "Revelation would descend upon him on a severe cold day, then it would leave him, and indeed, his forehead would be dripping with sweat." Allah says, "We will make you recite a heavy word [Quran]."

Misunderstandings of Revelation

Because of this state during revelation, the pagans accused the prophets of madness. They viewed the prophets as hallucinating or enchanted with jinn. They were confused by the appearances of these states they witnessed.

Arabic:

ألسنتهم من الله بوساطتهم، ولا يعلمونها إلا بتعليم الله إياهم..قَالَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وسلّم:«ألّا وإنّي لَا أَعْلَمُ إِلَّا مَا عَلَّمَنِيَ الله» .واعلم أن خبرهم في ذلك، من خاصيّته وضرورته الصدق، لما يتبين لك عند بيان حقيقة النبوة.وعلامة هذا الصنف من البشر: أن توجد لهم- في حال الوحي- غيبة عن الحاضرين معهم مع غطيط كأنها غشي أو إغماء في رأي العين، وليست منهما في شيء، وإنما هي- في الحقيقة- استغراق في لقاء الملك الروحاني:بإدراكهم المناسب لهم، الخارج عن مدارك البشر بالكلية. ثم يتنزل الى المدارك البشرية: إما بسماع دوي من الكلام فيتفهمه، أو يتمثل له صورة شخص يخاطبه بما جَاءَ بِهِ مِنْ عِنْدِ الله.ثم تنجلي عنه تلك الحال، وقد وعى ما ألقي عليه.قَالَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وسلّم، وقد سئل عن الوحي: «أحيانا يأتيني مِثْلِ صَلْصَلَةِ الْجَرَسِ، وَهُوَ أَشَدُّهُ عَلَيَّ، فَيَفْصِمُ عَنِّي وَقَدْ وَعَيْتُ مَا قَالَ. وأحيانا يتمثّل إليّ الملك رجلا فيكلمني فأعي ما يقول» .ويدركه أثناء ذلك، من الشدة والغطّ ما لا يعبّر عنه. ففي الحديث:«كان مما يعالج من التنزيل شدة» .وقالت عائشة:كان يَنْزِلُ عَلَيْهِ الْوَحْيُ فِي الْيَوْمِ الشَّدِيدِ الْبَرْدِ، فَيَفْصِمُ عَنْهُ وَإِنَّ جَبِينَهُ لَيَتَفَصَّدُ عرقا» وقال تعالى: إِنَّا سَنُلْقِي عَلَيْكَ قَوْلًا ثَقِيلًا.ولأجل هذه الحالة في تنزّل الوحي، كان المشركون يرمون الأنبياء بالجنون، ويقولون له رئي، أو تابع من الجن.. وإنما لبّس عليهم، بما شاهدوه من مظاهر تلك الأحوال:

Volume: intro (Page:16)

English:

Divine Guidance and Misguidance

"And whoever Allah leads astray, for him there is no guide." Among their signs is also the fact that there existed in them - before the revelation - the good nature and the charity, and the avoidance of reprehensible and impure acts. This is the implication of infallibility. It is as if he is given to be free from deplorable acts and to be repelled by them. It is as if it conflicts with his innate nature.

Historical Incident: Building The Kaaba

It is correctly documented that he carried stones while he was a boy, along with his uncle Abbas, to build the Kaaba. He put them in his loin-cloth, which got uncovered, and he fainted, until he was covered with his loin-cloth. He was invited to a feast which included a wedding and games. He was affected by sleepiness until the sun rose, and he did not participate in anything concerning them. Instead, Allah purged him from all of that, to the extent that due to his innate nature, he detested despicable foods.

Food Preferences of the Prophet

Indeed, the Prophet (peace be upon him) did not approach onions and garlic. When asked about it, he said: "I converse with Him whom you do not converse."

The First Revelation and Khadijah's Test

Observe when Khadijah, may Allah be pleased with her, informed the Prophet (peace be upon him) about the condition of the revelation that suddenly came to him, and she wanted to test him. She said: "Put me between you and your garment." When he did so, it left him. She said: "It is an angel, not a devil" and the implication is that he does not come near women.

Favored Garments

Similarly, she asked him about the most preferred garments for him to appear in. He said the white and the green. She said: "It is the angel". Meaning, white and green are the colors of goodness and angels. While black is the color of evil and devils, and suchlike.

Arabic:

وَمَنْ يُضْلِلِ اللَّهُ فَما لَهُ مِنْ هادٍ*.ومن علاماتهم أيضا: أنه يوجد لهم- قبل الوحي- خلق الخير والزكاة، ومجانبة المذمومات والرجس أجمع.وهذا هو معنى العصمة. وكأنه مفطور على التنزه عن المذمومات والمنافرة لها. وكأنها منافية لجبلّته.وفي الصحيح: أنه حمل الحجارة وهو غلام، مع عمه العباس، لبناء الكعبة، فجعلها في إزاره، فانكشف، فسقط مغشيا عليه، حتى استتر بإزاره، ودعى إلى مجتمع وليمة فيها عرس ولعب. فأصابه غشي النوم إلى أن طلعت الشمس، ولم يحضر شيئا من شأنهم، بل نزّهه الله عن ذلك كله، حتى إنه- بجبلّته- يتنزه عن المطعومات المستكرهة.فقد كَانَ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وسلم، لا يقرب البصل والثوم، فقيل له في ذلك، فقال: «إني أناجي من لا تناجون» .وانظر، لمّا أَخْبَرَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلّم خَدِيجَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، بحال الوحي أول ما فجأه وأراد اختباره.فقالت: اجعلني بينك وبين ثوبك، فلما فعل ذلك، ذهب عنه.فقالت: إنه ملك، وليس بشيطان، ومعناه: أنه لا يقرب النساء.وكذلك سألته عن أحبّ الثياب إليه أن يأتيه فيها.فقال البياض والخضرة.فقالت: إنه الملك.يعني: أن البياض والخضرة من ألوان الخير والملائكة. والسواد من ألوان الشر والشياطين، وأمثال ذلك.

Volume: intro (Page:17)

English:

Signs of Their Prophet-hood

Among their signs also is their call to religion and worship, including prayer, charity, and chastity. Khadijah, may Allah be pleased with her, believed in the truthfulness of the Prophet, peace be upon him, observing these signs, and so did Abu Bakr. Neither of them needed any external evidence beyond his condition and character.

The Emperor Heraclius' Inquiry

It is authentically reported that when the letter of the Prophet, peace, and blessings be upon him, inviting Heraclius to Islam arrived, he brought any Qurayshis he could find in his territory, among whom was Abu Sufyan, to inquire about the Prophet. When asked about his teachings, Abu Sufyan replied: "He commands us to pray, give charity, maintain ties, and be chaste, among other things." Heraclius responded: "If what you say is true, he is a Prophet, and he will possess what's under my two feet."

Chastity and Prophecy

The chastity referred to by Abu Sufyan, is infallibility. Notice how taking infallibility and the call to religion and worship as evidence of his truthfulness, he didn't need any miracles. This implies that these are among the signs of prophecy!

Eminent Ancestry

Another sign of prophets is that they belong to a noble lineage among their people. It is authentically reported that: "Allah did not send a prophet except from the nobles of his people." In another narration: "In the wealth of his people". It is corrected by Al-Hakm on the two Sahihs.

Heraclius' Inquiry Continued

In Heraclius' questioning of Abu Sufyan, as it is in the Sahih, he asked, "What is his status among you?" Abu Sufyan replied, "He is of noble lineage among us." Here Heraclius stated, "And the messengers are sent among the noblest of their people."

Arabic:

ومن علاماتهم أيضا: دعاؤهم إلى الدين والعبادة من: الصلاة والصدقة والعفاف.وقد استدلت خَدِيجَةُ رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهَا، على صدقه صلى الله عليه وسلم بذلك، وكذلك أبو بكر، ولم يحتاجا في أمره إلى دليل خارج عن حاله وخلقه.وفي الصحيح أن هرقل- حين جاءه كِتَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَدْعُوهُ إِلَى الإسلام- أحضر من وجد ببلده من قريش، وفيهم أبو سفيان، ليسألهم عن حاله. فكان- فيما سأل- أن قال:بم يأمركم؟ فقال أبو سفيان: بِالصَّلَاةِ، وَالزَّكَاةِ، وَالصِّلَةِ وَالْعَفَافِ، إلى آخر ما سأل. فأجابه فقال: إِنْ يَكُنْ مَا تَقُولُ حقا فهو نبي، وسيملك مَا تَحْتَ قَدَمَيَّ هَاتَيْنِ» .والعفاف الذي أشار إليه أبو سفيان، هو العصمة.فانظر كيف أخذ من العصمة والدعاء إلى الدين والعبادة دليلا على صحة نبوته، ولم يحتج إلى معجزة، فدل على أن ذَلِكَ مِنْ عَلَامَاتِ النُّبُوَّةِ!! ومن علاماتهم أيضا: أن يكونوا ذوي حسب في قومهم.وفي الصحيح: «ما بعث الله نبيا، إلا فِي مَنَعَةٍ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ» .وفي رواية أخرى: «في ثروة من قومه» .استدركه الحاكم على الصحيحين.وفي مساءلة هرقل لأبي سفيان كما هو في الصحيح قال:«كيف هو فيكم» ؟قَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ:«هُوَ فينا ذو حسب» .فقال هرقل:«والرسل تبعث في أحساب قومها» .

Vols: Intro, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

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