Book: Dalail an-Nubuwwah by Bayhaqi

The Revelation of Surah Al-Fath

The chapter of the descent of Surah Al-Fath finds its origins in Hudaybiyyah and highlights the fulfillment of God's promise in the Surah through the conquests and spoils, the entry into the Sacred Mosque, and the prayer of the Bedouins to a people of intense power. This chapter confirmed the conquests and spoils for the believers, the entry into the Sacred Mosque during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the fulfillment of prayers to powerful people after his passing.

During the time of Abu Bakr and Umar, signs of prophethood and the authenticity of the message were evident. It is said that during that time, the prophecy of the Roman and Persian overthrow came true, as Allah says in the Quran: "And after they had been defeated, they will defeat their foes" [Ar-Rum: 2]. It is also said that the verse "A severe punishment shall befall them" refers to the defeat of the Hawazin tribe, and this too was confirmed in that era.

It is narrated that during one of his journeys, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was accompanied by Umar ibn al-Khattab at night. Umar asked him something three times but did not receive an answer. Umar then remarked, "May your mother weep over you, O Umar! I called upon the Messenger of Allah three times, but he did not respond." Umar then spurred his mount forward out of apprehension that a revelation might descend upon him while he was there, demonstrating his reverence for the Quran.

Translation of Classical Arabic Text

I heard a loud cry, saying: I said: I feared that a Quran verse was revealed concerning me. He said: So, I came to the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, and greeted him. He said: Indeed, a surah was revealed to me tonight that is more beloved to me than what the sun shines upon. Then he recited: "Verily, We have granted you a clear victory, that Allah may forgive you your sins of the past and future." The wording of the hadith of Ibn Bukayr, similar to the hadith of Al-Qa'qaa' bin Hakeem, narrated by Al-Bukhari in Sahih, from Abdullah bin Maslamah. Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz and Abu Bakr Ahmad Bin Al-Hasan Al-Qadi said: Abu Al-Abbas narrated to us: Muhammad Bin Ya'qoub said: Ahmad Bin Abdul Jabbar narrated to us: Yunus Bin Bukayr narrated to us, from Abdul Rahman Bin Abdullah, from Jamee' Bin Shaddad, from Abdul Rahman Bin Abi Alqamah, from Abdullah Bin Mas'ood, who said: When the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, approached Al-Hudaybiyah, his she-camel came to a halt. We descended, and the verse "Indeed, We have granted you a clear victory." was revealed to him. The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, was overwhelmed with joy as Allah willed. He informed us about its revelation. That night, as we were preparing for sleep, the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, asked who would keep watch, I replied: I will, O Messenger of Allah. Sleep overcame me, and we only woke up with the morning sun. When we woke up, the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said: If Allah had willed that you not sleep, you would not have, but He desired this for those who come after you. He then acted as he usually did. The people went to search for their mounts, and they brought ones other than the Messenger of Allah's, saying: I am the Messenger of Allah, take this one. He guided it towards a tree, and I followed his guidance, finding its reins tied to a tree. I said: O Messenger of Allah, I found its reins tied to a tree which only was possible by a human hand.

[2] Surah Al-Fath

[3] Narrated by Al-Bukhari in: Book of Tafsir, Tafsir of Surah Al-Fath, Hadith (4833), Fath Al-Bari (8:582)

Translation of the Classical Arabic Text

Al-Mas'udi reported from Jami' ibn Shaddad that this occurred when they returned from Hudaybiyah.

Abu Abdullah al-Hafiz informed us that Abu al-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mahbubi reported to us from Marwah, who said: Saeed ibn Mas'ud narrated to us, who said: Ubaidullah ibn Musa told us, who said: Zafir ibn Sulaiman narrated from Shu'bah, from Jami' ibn Shaddad, from Abdul Rahman ibn Alqamah, from Ibn Mas'ud, who said: "We accompanied the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, in the expedition of Tabuk. When we stopped, the Prophet, peace be upon him, mentioned a location and said: 'Who will stand guard for us tonight?' Bilal replied: 'I will.' The Prophet said: 'Then sleep.' So he slept until sunrise. Then two men woke up, and it was said: 'Speak so he may wake up.' The Prophet, peace be upon him, woke up and said: 'Do as you were doing,' and so those who slept forgot their prayers."

I said: It is possible that the intent of Al-Mas'udi in mentioning the hadith is the timing of the revelation of the Surah, specifically when they returned from Hudaybiyah. Then he mentioned along with it the hadith of sleeping during prayer, and the hadith of the woman, and both incidents occurred during the expedition of Tabuk.

Abu Abdullah al-Hafiz said: Abu al-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ya'qub told us that Al-Abbas ibn Muhammad al-Dawri narrated to us, Yunus ibn Muhammad said: Mujammir told us, meaning Ibn Ya'qub al-Ansari, he said: My father informed me from his uncle Abdul Rahman ibn Yazid, from Mujammir ibn Jariyah, who said: "We witnessed Hudaybiyah with the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him. When we departed from it, the people were shaking the clusters (of dates). Some people said to others: 'Why are people not going to the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him?' So, we shook with the people until we found the Prophet, peace be upon him, standing at the base of the mountain. When some of the people gathered around him, he recited to them: 'Verily, We have granted you a clear victory' (Quran 48:1)."

Dialogue from the Conquest of Khaybar

One of the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) said:

"O Messenger of Allah, is it destined to be a conquest?"

The Prophet replied:

"Yes, by the One in whose Hand is my soul, it is indeed a conquest."

Details of the Distribution

Khaybar was divided among the people of Hudaybiyah, with each share consisting of eighteen shares. The army numbered one thousand five hundred, including three hundred Persians who were each given two shares. This account is narrated by Mujammia' bin Ya'qub in the distribution of Khaybar, with variations reported by others. Only Allah knows the truth.

Chain of Narrators

Reported by Abu Amr al-'Adib, on the authority of Abu Bakr al-Isma'ili, on the authority of Ibn Najiyah, from Abu Musa and Bundar who reported from Muhammad bin Ja'far, who narrated from Shu'bah, who heard from Qatadah, who reported from Anas bin Malik regarding the verse: "Indeed, We have given you a clear conquest." This narration was transmitted by Al-Bukhari in his authentic collection through Bundar. Also reported by Abu Abdullah al-Hafiz, on the authority of Abu Ahmad al-Hafiz, who narrated from Abu A'rubah, from Muhammad bin Yazid al-Asfati, from Uthman bin 'Umar, who reported from Shu'bah, from Qatadah, from Anas: "Indeed, We have given you a clear conquest."

Prophet's Response

When the people of Hudaybiyah congratulated the Prophet, a man asked, "This victory is for you, what is in it for us?" In response, Allah revealed: 'That He may admit the believing men and the believing women to gardens beneath which rivers flow...' Shu'bah mentioned that he then went to Kufah and relayed this message from Qatadah.

Translation of Classical Arabic Text

Hadith Narration

It was narrated from Anas that I went to Basra, and I mentioned that to Qatadah. He said: The first is from Anas, as for the second, to admit the believing men and believing women to gardens beneath which rivers flow... [ (10) ], from Ikrimah. Narrated by Al-Bukhari in Sahih. From Ahmad ibn Ishaq, from Uthman ibn Umar, and similarly narrated by Abdul Rahman ibn Ziyad Ar-Rasasi, from Shu'bah who narrated the first from Qatadah, from Anas, and made the second from Qatadah, from Ikrimah. (11)

Prophetic Revelation

Abu Al-Husayn, Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Bishran in Baghdad informed us, saying: Abu Amr Uthman ibn Ahmad ibn As-Sammak dictated to us, saying: Hasan ibn Sallam told us, saying: Affan ibn Muslim told us, saying: Hammam told us, saying: Qatadah narrated to us from Anas who said: 'When the verse was revealed to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, "Indeed, We have granted you a clear conquest," to the end of the verse, he returned from Hudaybiyyah and his companions mingled with [ (12) ] sadness and gloom [ (13) ]. He said: "A verse was revealed to me that is dearer to me than the whole world." When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم recited it, a man from his companions said, "O Messenger of Allah, Allah has made clear to you what He is going to do with you, so what will He do with us?" So Allah revealed the verse that followed it, to admit the believing men and believing women to gardens beneath which rivers flow..." Narrated by Muslim in Sahih from the hadith of Hammam, Sa'id ibn Abi Arubah, and Shayban ibn Abdul Rahman, from Qatadah in this manner, and in the narration of Shayban and his companions [ (14) ].

(10) [Al-Fath - 5]

(11) Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl has only one hadith in At-Tirmidhi, and it is weak. Tuhfat Al-Ashraf (7:344).

(12) In Sahih: "And they are mingled with them".

(13) (Gloom) a change in the soul due to extreme sorrow.

(14) In: 32- Kitab Al-Jihad Wal-Siyar (34) Chapter: The treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Hadith (97), p. (1413).

Story of Hudeybiyah

In this passage, the companions of the Prophet ﷺ endured sadness and gloom. Hindrances stood between them and performing their rites of worship. They sacrificed their animal for sacrifice near Hudeybiyah. Anas ibn Malik related that they inquired of the Prophet ﷺ about their fate, to which Allah revealed verses assuring the forgiveness of their sins and granting them immense favor. The Prophet ﷺ explained that this great favor refers to Paradise.

The Treaty of Hudeybiyah

Following the sacrifice, the Prophet ﷺ turned back. As they journeyed between Mecca and Medina, Surah Al-Fath was revealed, proclaiming a clear victory. The incident of the treaty of Hudeybiyah was detailed in the verses, highlighting the pledge of allegiance under the tree and the peaceful resolution reached among the believers.

Translation of Classical Arabic Text

In Islam, there has been more growth in the two years following the Treaty of Hudaybiyah than in any earlier period. The Treaty of Hudaybiyah was a significant opening.

Abu al-Husayn ibn al-Fadl al-Qattan informed us, saying: Abu Bakr ibn 'Attab told us, saying: Al-Qasim ibn 'Abdullah ibn al-Mughirah informed us, saying: Ibn Abi Uways narrated to us, saying: Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn 'Uqbah narrated from his uncle Musa ibn 'Uqbah.

Abu Abdullah al-Hafiz informed us, saying: Isma'il ibn Muhammad ibn al-Fadl told us, saying: My grandfather told us, saying: Ibrahim ibn al-Mundhir narrated to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Fulayh narrated to us, from Musa ibn 'Uqbah, from Ibn Shihaab, who reported from Abu Abdullah ibn al-Hafiz, who narrated from Abu Ja'far al-Baghdadi, who said: Muhammad ibn 'Amr ibn Khalid informed us, saying: My father informed us, saying: Ibn Lahiy'ah narrated to us, saying: Abu al-Aswad reported from 'Urwah, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, returned from Hudaybiyah, and some of his companions asked: "What is this? We have been turned away from the House and our sacrifice has been rejected." The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, continued with Hudaybiyah and sent back two Muslims who had come out, until he heard some of his companions say: "This is not opening." The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "This is the greatest opening. The pagans are pleased to keep you away with a ceasefire and ask you for a verdict, desiring safety from you. They have seen things in you that they disliked, and Allah has made you victorious over them, delivering you safely as conquerors, rewarded. This is the greatest of victories. Have you forgotten the day of Uhud, when you ascended and did not turn back on anyone, while I was calling you from behind? Have you forgotten the day of Al-Ahzab, when they came at you from above and from below, and sight swayed and hearts reached throats, assuming things about Allah that were not true?" The Muslims said: "Allah and His Messenger spoke the truth. This is the greatest of victories."

Surah Al-Fath Verses 1-5

Oh Prophet of Allah, what we think about is not as what you think about. You have more knowledge of Allah, His affairs, and that Allah has sent down Surah Al-Fath, indeed, We have given you a clear victory. Up to His saying: [١٩] "a straight path." So Allah, the Almighty, gave glad tidings to His Prophet with His forgiveness, completion of His favor, obedience of those who obeyed, and hypocrisy of those who were hypocrites. Then He mentioned how the hypocrites would be scrutinized when they came to the Messenger of Allah, saying with their tongues what is not in their hearts. They believed that the Messenger and the believers would never return to their families and they had evil thoughts. When they set out for booty to seize, they sought permission to leave with them to present the world. Then He mentioned that the hypocrites would be called to a people of severe might, to fight them or make them submit to severe trials. If they obeyed, He rewarded them for their obedience. And if they turned away as they did the first time, He punished them with a painful punishment. Then He mentioned those who pledged allegiance under the tree, and the victory and abundant spoils they received, "And He made [you] acquire their lands as your [fate]." Then He mentioned His grace upon them by withholding the hands of the enemy from them. He gave glad tidings to His Prophet, peace be upon him, of the conquest of Mecca, that He had encompassed it. Then He mentioned that if the disbelievers fought them, they would turn and flee, not finding a protector or helper, "And I will give you victory over them and satisfy you with war booty." Then He mentioned the polytheists who prevented the Muslims from accessing the Sacred Mosque and offering their sacrifices, intending to reach their destination. He informed that if it were not for believing men and women present who you did not know, that you might trample them and incur guilt unknowingly, leading to conflict. Then He said: [٢٠] "Had you [Prophet] turned away [from them] they would have turned earth to run away." If you turn away, I will subject those who disbelieve among them to severe torment.

Surah Al-Fath Verses 1-5

The Almighty set the disposition in their hearts so that they would not agree to submit to Allah and His Messenger. He mentioned that Allah sent down upon His Messenger and [١٩] [Al-Fath: 1-5]. [٢٠] [Al-Fath: 25].

Translation of Classical Arabic Text

Believers are granted tranquility until they do not initiate fighting, as the idolaters were granted it. Then the Prophet (peace be upon him) mentioned that he saw in a vision that you would surely enter the Sacred Mosque, if Allah wills, securely, [some] having their heads shaved and [others] having their hair cut short, not fearing [anyone]. He knew that which you did not know and has arranged before that a conquest near [at hand]. This is the wording of the Hadith of Abu Al-Aswad, from `Urwah, with a different wording from the Hadith of Musa bin `Uqbah.

The near conquest is the one Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) undertook by fighting the disbelievers to implement the judgment on them ordained by Allah on the day of Hudaybiyyah, where he agreed to return the following year in the sacred month, safe, within the sanctity [of Makkah] if necessary. Some people say, 'The near conquest is that of Khaybar,' despite it not being mentioned there. Allah indeed named the victory of Khaybar in another verse a near victory. Allah has indeed bestowed security and provided for them a near victory. For two years there was peace between the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) and the Quraysh; each party trusted the other. This is the wording of the Hadith of Musa bin `Uqbah and the Hadith of `Urwah. By saying "two years," they meant for it to continue until the disbelievers breached their agreement, and the Prophet (peace be upon him) then left to conquer Makkah. As for the duration agreed upon for the treaty, it is similar to what Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar narrated, that it lasted for ten years. Allah knows best.

Abu Nasr bin Qatadah reported to us that Abu Mansur al-Nasrawi told us that Ahmad bin Najdah told us that Sa'id bin Mansur told us that Khalid bin Abdullah narrated to us, from Mugheerah, from `Amir ash-Sha'bi who said, "We have indeed given you a clear conquest." This was revealed during the day of Hudaybiyyah, whereby Allah forgave him for what occurred of his sins and what will come, and they pledged allegiance to the pledge of Ridwan. The date palm trees of Khaybar were given to them [as spoils], the Romans were defeated over the Persians, and the believers were joyful of the fulfillment of the Book of Allah and the emergence of the People of the Book alongside the Magians.

Opening of the Hudaibiyah Treaty and the Victory of Khaybar

It has been narrated that Sa'id said, reporting from Hushaym, who reported from Mugheerah, from Ash-Sha'bi regarding his statement: "Indeed, We have granted you a clear victory."

The Occasion of the Opening of Al-Hudaibiyah

It was the opening of Hudaibiyah where forgiveness was granted for his past and future sins. They also fed from the date palms of Khaybar. The believers rejoiced in Allah’s help for the People of the Book against the Magians.

Narration of Ibn 'Amr from Abu Sa'id

It was reported by Abu Sa'id bin 'Amr from Abu Al-'Abbas Muhammad bin Ya'qub, who narrated from Al-Hasan bin 'Ali bin Abi Talib, followed by Yahya bin Adam, from 'Abdus-Salam bin Harb, from Shu'bah, from Al-Hakam, from 'Abdur-Rahman bin Abi Layla regarding his saying: "And He will give them a near victory."

Explanation by Ibn 'Abbas

Ibn 'Abbas stated regarding the part: "...and another that you were not capable of facing," that this was what followed after the victory.

From Al-Zuhri: "In Islam, there was no conquest greater than Al-Hudaibiyah, for battles took place as encounters. However, when all people embraced Islam, they conversed and discussed, with none rejecting Islam without embracing it. Indeed, they entered Islam in the two years like those who had embraced Islam before that time and more."

Journey to Hudaibiyah and Victory at Makkah

It is understood that the Prophet (peace be upon him) set out for Hudaibiyah in the year fourteen hundred, then two years later, he made the journey to the conquest of Mecca with ten thousand followers.

These accounts were transmitted by authors like Al-Qurtubi in his commentary, and have been attributed to scholars such as Al-Hasan, Mujahid, and Ibn 'Abbas.

Hadith on the Conquest of Mecca

Abu Sa'id ibn Abi 'Amr narrated: Abu al-'Abbas informed us that al-Hasan reported to him, saying: Yahya narrated to us that Abu Bakr ibn 'Ayyash related from al-Kalbi, from Abu Salih, from Ibn 'Abbas, who said, "Allah has surrounded it, that it will become yours, just as He said, 'Indeed, Allah has encompassed all things in knowledge' (25) [Quran 65:12]."

Al-Hafidh Abu 'Abdullah reported: Abdur-Rahman ibn al-Hasan al-Qadi told us that Ibrahim ibn al-Husayn narrated to us, saying: Adam ibn Abi Iyas related to us, from Warqaa', from Ibn Abi Najih, from Mujahid, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was shown in a vision at Hudaybiyyah entering Mecca with his companions in a state of safety, having shaved heads, and shortened hair. His companions asked him, while sacrificing at Hudaybiyyah, 'Where is your vision, O Messenger of Allah?' So Allah revealed, 'Certainly has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision in truth. You will surely enter al-Masjid al-Haram, if Allah wills, in safety, with your heads shaved and [hair] shortened, not fearing [anyone]. He knew what you did not know and has arranged before that a conquest near [at hand]' (26) [Quran 48:27].

It is said that the nomads of the Arabs who remained behind will say, 'We were occupied with our possessions and our families,' while it will be confined for them, unable to escape, and even if you do not grasp it at the moment, it is restricted upon you and will not evade you. It is reported that 'Allah has encompassed it' means Allah knew that it will be yours, just as He said, '"And Allah has encompassed all things in knowledge."' It is also said that Allah has preserved it for you, enabling its conquest for you, and Allah is over all things competent (25) [Quran 65:12].

Interpretation of Surah Al-Fath: 11-29

Verse 11: Our wealth and families prevented us from joining you.

Verse 29: The Arabs of the desert, specifically the tribes of Juhaynah, Muzaynah, and others, were reluctant to accompany the Prophet (peace be upon him) to Mecca fearing for their lives and possessions. The Prophet (peace be upon him) undertook the journey for 'Umrah (lesser pilgrimage), taking along some unsuspecting companions from the sanctified lands. These companions were dispatched by the Prophet (peace be upon him) to perform 'Ihram at Batn Makkah to ensure safe passage through hostile territories.

Even after God had promised them abundant spoils, Muhammad (peace be upon him) expedited the conquest of Khaybar. Those who lagged behind expressed their desire to join the expedition for the spoils but God exposed their insincerity, stating that their words did not reflect their true intentions, highlighting their hypocrisy.

"Say, 'Who can prevent Allah if He intends to harm you or intends to show you mercy?'"

Translation of a Classical Arabic Text

Narrated by Uthman ibn Sa'id: Abdallah ibn Salih narrated to us from Muawiya ibn Salih, from Ali ibn Abi Talha, from Ibn Abbas regarding his saying: "People of great might," Faris said. And it was said regarding that which Abu Nasr ibn Qatada informed us, saying: Abu Mansur al-Nasrawi narrated to us, saying: Ahmad ibn Najdah narrated to us, saying: Saeed ibn Mansur narrated to us, saying: Hushaim narrated to us from Al-Kalbi, saying: They are Banu Hanifa on the day of Yamamah.

Saeed said: It was said to Hushaim al-Kalbi, "From whom did you hear this?" He replied, "Everything I say, it is from Abu Salih, from Ibn Abbas." So upon this, the confirmation of this is found in the agreement of Thabit ibn Bakr, who called for war against Musaylimah, and Banu Hanifa are from the people of Yamamah. This is also in agreement with the saying of Ibn Abi Talha, from Ibn Abbas. The confirmation of Ata's statement is found in the days of Amr, who called for war against Kisra, the Persians. And according to those who said, "The Persians and the Romans," it is because they intended to remove the Romans from the land of Sham. The confirmation of the early ones is found in the time of Abu Bakr, then it was fulfilled in the days of Umar with the conquest of Persia.

Summary by Al-Qurtubi in his Tafsir (6:272):

You will be called to a people of strong prowess, narrated by Ibn Abbas, Ata ibn Abi Rabah, Mujahid, Ibn Abi Layla, and Ata al-Khurasani: they are the Persians. Ka'b, al-Hasan, and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Layla said: The Romans. Hasan also said: The Persians and Romans. Ibn Jubayr said: Hawazin and Thaqif. Ikrimah said: Hawazin. Qatadah said: Hawazin and Ghatfan on the day of Hunayn. Al-Zuhri and Muqatil said: Banu Hanifa, the people of Yamamah, the followers of Musaylimah. Rafi' ibn Khadij said: By Allah, we used to recite this verse in the past, "You will be called to a people of strong prowess," but we did not know who they were until Abu Bakr called us to fight Banu Hanifa, then we knew it was them. Abu Huraira said: This verse has not yet been fulfilled. The apparent meaning of the verse confirms this.

Transmission of Knowledge

Abu Nasr ibn Qatadah informed us, saying: Abu Mansur Al-Nasarawi narrated to us, saying: Ahmed ibn Najdah informed us, saying: Saeed ibn Mansur told us, saying: Hushaym reported, saying: Abu Bishr informed us, from Saeed ibn Jubayr and Ikrimah regarding the statement: "You will be called to a people of severe might" - Hawazin on the Day of Hunayn. This has been confirmed during the time of the Prophet, peace be upon him, after the conquest of Mecca.

Validation of Testimony

Abu Al-Husayn ibn Al-Fadl informed us, saying: Abdullah ibn Ja'far reported to us, saying: Ya'qub ibn Sufyan conveyed: Bundar narrated to us, saying: Muhammad ibn Ja'far informed us, saying: Shu'bah narrated, from Hushaym, from Abu Bishr, from Saeed ibn Jubayr and Ikrimah concerning the statement: "You will be called to a people of severe might," referred to as Hawazin and Banu Hanifah. This was confirmed by one of them during his time and the other during the time of Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him.

The Revelation of Tranquility

Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us, saying: Abu Bakr Al-Shafi'i narrated to us, saying: Ishaq ibn Al-Hasan informed us, saying: Abu Hudhayfah told us, saying: Sufyan reported from Salamah ibn Kuhayl, from Abu Al-Ahwas, from Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, who stated: "He who sent down tranquility into the hearts of the believers." Tranquility has a face like that of a human, then it is like a light breeze.

Interpretation of the Revelation

Al-Zamakhshari remarked: If this account by Qatadah is accurate, the meaning is that you will not be able to accompany me as long as you are afflicted by the diseases of the heart and disturbances in faith. Or according to Mujahid, it meant that they would not follow the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, except voluntarily, having no share in the spoils.

1. The tranquility from Allah

It was narrated that Mujahid said: "Tranquility is from Allah, like the appearance of the wind with a head like a cat's head and two wings."

2. The descent of tranquility

It was narrated that Ibn Abbas said: "Tranquility descended into the hearts of the believers.” He said: "Tranquility is mercy.”

3. The striking of the Hour

It was narrated that Mujahid said: "The striking of the Hour is the striking of cities, or it will strike close to their homes.” He said: “Hudaybiyah and its like until the promise of Allah comes, the opening of Mecca.”

4. The striking of the infidels

It was narrated that Ibn Abbas said: “And those who disbelieve will continue to be struck for what they have done – a calamity causing stupefaction – it was said to mean tranquility, which Ibn Abbas said: 'Say tranquility in the Quran is peace except that which is in Al-Baqarah.' [Ar-Ra'd - 31].

Interpretation of Quranic Verses (9:321)

In this passage, the term "Sariyah" is discussed, referring to raids or expeditions that approach near the enemy's territory. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) stressed the importance of remaining steadfast until the promise of Allah is fulfilled, which is believed to have been realized during the conquest of Mecca (verse 35). Al-Qurtubi explained the term "dar" in the context of Surah At-Tawbah (9:321) as a sudden, overwhelming event that exposes the disbelievers to their own disbelief and arrogance.

Definition and Significance of "Qari'ah"

Various interpretations of "Qari'ah" have been provided by scholars such as Ibn 'Abbas and 'Ikrimah. It is described as a calamity or a disaster that strikes the disbelievers similar to catastrophes or punishments, as seen with the mockery and defiance of the idolatrous leaders. Some view it as a precursor to the battles or expeditions led by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), aimed at confronting and subduing the enemies of Islam.

Prophecies and Fulfillment

The passage alludes to the fulfillment of Allah's promise, which according to Mujahid and Qatadah, was realized in the conquest of Mecca. It signifies the impending calamity for the disbelievers and the eventual victory granted by Allah, whether through battles like at Ta'if or the sieges of Khaybar. Additionally, Hasan suggests that the ultimate promise of Allah awaits in the Day of Judgment.