Translation of Classical Arabic Text
Chain of Narrators:
Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Hafiz narrated to us, saying: Abu Yahya Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Samarqandi informed me, saying: Muhammad ibn Nasr told us, saying: Muhammad ibn Abdullah narrated to us, saying: Hatim ibn al-Ala told us that Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak narrated from Isma'il, who is the son of Abu Khalid, from as-Suddi, who said:
First Revelation Regarding Warfare:
The first verse revealed about warfare was: "Permission to fight is given to those who are fought against because they have been wronged." (Quran 22:39) Muhammad ibn Nasr commented that when Allah first allowed fighting, they were not commanded to fight all the polytheists at once, but rather to fight those who had fought against them specifically, or wronged them and expelled them from their homes, as mentioned in the verse.
Prohibition of Aggression:
Allah commands: "Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." And kill them wherever you find them, until the hostility ceases. (Quran 2:190-191) When the Prophet arrived in Medina, he did not fight any of the idol worshippers or People of the Book, despite facing aggression from the Quraysh, as Allah had commanded to fight only those who had wronged and expelled them from their homes.
Instruction to Endure and Forgive:
The idol worshippers in Medina among the People of the Book would harm the Prophet and his companions, so Allah advised patience and forgiveness. The believers are told: "You will surely be tested by insults and harm from those who were given the Scripture before you and from the idolaters. But if you are patient and fear Allah - indeed, that is of the matters [worthy] of determination." (Quran 3:186) And many from the People of the Book wish that they could turn you back as disbelievers after you have believed, out of envy from their own selves, until the truth of Allah's command prevails."
أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّه الْحَافِظُ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنِي أَبُو يَحْيَى أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ السَّمَرْقَنْدِيُّ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّه، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا حَاتِمُ بْنُ الْعَلَاءِ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّه وَهُوَ ابْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ، عَنْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ أَبِي خَالِدٍ، عَنِ السُّدِّيِّ قَالَ «أَوَّلُ آيَةٍ أُنْزِلَتْ فِي الْقِتَالِ: أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا، قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ نَصْرٍ: وَكَانُوا فِي أَوَّلِ مَا أَذِنَ اللَّه عَزَّ وَجَلَّ [ (٢٣) ] لَهُمْ فِي الْقِتَالِ لَمْ يؤمروا بأن يبتدءوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَافَّةً بِالْقِتَالِ بَلْ إِنَّمَا أُمِرُوا أَنْ يُقَاتِلُوا مَنْ قَاتَلَهُمْ خَاصَّةً، وَمَنْ ظَلَمَهُمْ، وَأَخْرَجَهُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ عَلَى مَا ذَكَرَ اللَّه عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي الْآيَةِ الَّتِي أَذِنَ فِيهَا بِالْقِتَالِ، وَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: وَقاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ يُقاتِلُونَكُمْ وَلا تَعْتَدُوا- يَعْنِي فِي قِتَالِهِمْ فَتُقَاتِلُوا غَيْرَ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ- إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُعْتَدِينَ، وَاقْتُلُوهُمْ حَيْثُ ثَقِفْتُمُوهُمْ- إِلَى قَوْلِهِ- فَإِنْ قاتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ [ (٢٤) ] ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّه عليه وآله وَسَلَّمَ وَحَوْلَهَا مِنْ عَبَدَةِ الْأَوْثَانِ وَأَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ جَمَاعَاتٍ لَمْ يُقَاتِلْ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ وَلَمْ يَتَعَرَّضْ لَهُمْ بِحَرْبٍ وَكَانَ يَتَعَرَّضُ لِقُرَيْشٍ خَاصَّةً وَيَقْصِدُهُمْ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ اللَّه إِنَّمَا أَمَرَهُمْ بِقِتَالِ الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوهُمْ وَأَخْرَجُوهُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ. وَكَانَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ أَيْضًا بِالْمَدِينَةِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ وَعَبَدَةِ الْأَوْثَانِ يُؤْذُونَهُ وَأَصْحَابَهُ فَنَدَبَهُمُ اللَّه عَزَّ وَجَلَّ إِلَى الصَّبْرِ عَلَى أَذَاهُمْ وَالْعَفْوِ عَنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: وَلَتَسْمَعُنَّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتابَ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ وَمِنَ الَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا أَذىً كَثِيراً. وَإِنْ تَصْبِرُوا وَتَتَّقُوا فَإِنَّ ذلِكَ مِنْ عَزْمِ الْأُمُورِ [ (٢٥) ] .وَقَالَ: وَدَّ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتابِ لَوْ يَرُدُّونَكُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمانِكُمْ كُفَّاراً حَسَداً مِنْ عِنْدِ أَنْفُسِهِمْ- إِلَى قَوْلِهِ- حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ اللَّهُ بِأَمْرِهِ [ (٢٦) ] .[ (٢٣) ] الزيادة من (ص) و (هـ) .[ (٢٤) ] [١٩٠- البقرة] ، وما بعدها.[ (٢٥) ] [١٨٦- آل عمران] .[ (٢٦) ] [١٠٩- البقرة] .