Chapter of the Prophet's Sermon during the Year of the Conquest, His Fatwas and Rulings in Mecca via Shortcut

Reported to us by Abu Al-Hasan: Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Abdan related to us that Ahmad ibn Ubayd Al-Saffar said he was informed by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim ibn Milhan (may Allah be pleased with him).

Reported to us by Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz: He said that Abu Bakr ibn Ishaq related to us that Ahmad ibn Ibrahim said he was told by Yahya ibn Bukair, who said he was informed by Al-Layth, from Sa'id ibn Abi Sa'id Al-Maqburi, from Abu Shurayh Al-Adawi that he said to Amr ibn Said while sending a letter to Mecca: "Permit me, O Amir, to recount a statement made by the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) the day after the conquest, which I heard with my ears, my heart comprehended, and my eyes witnessed when he spoke. He praised and thanked Allah and then said: 'Allah has sanctified Mecca, yet the people have not, so it is not lawful for anyone who believes in Allah and the Last Day to shed blood therein or to uproot a tree. If anyone claims a license to fight in it due to the Messenger of Allah's actions, tell him: 'Allah permitted His Messenger, but He did not permit you. Indeed, permission was granted to me for a specific moment during the day, and today its sanctity has returned as it was yesterday. Let the present inform the absent.'"

When asked what Amr had said to him, Abu Shurayh replied: "I know better than you, O Abu Shurayh, that the sanctuary does not protect a sinner nor grant him immunity," referring to Abdullah ibn Zubayr.

Hadith Explanation: Prohibition of Bloodshed and Striking Trees in Mecca

In this hadith, narrated by Sa'id bin Jubair on the authority of Al-Laith, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) prohibits shedding blood or cutting trees in Mecca. Upon the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet declared that Mecca had been sanctified since the creation of heaven and earth, and it is forbidden for anyone to shed blood or harm its vegetation. This prohibition remains in place until the Day of Judgment and applies to all believers.

Meaning of the Hadith

The phrase "not a mouse to be chased" means that no one seeking refuge should be harmed for reasons that warrant death. The word "خربة" can be pronounced with a kasrah or fathah on the خ. The prevalent opinion is with a fathah, as narrated by Al-Qadi, As-Suhaili, and others. It originates from theft of camels and can refer to any form of treachery.

Al-Khalil described it as corruption in religion caused by a thief who causes mischief on earth. This hadith can be found in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim in the sections on Hajj and knowledge, respectively, and is considered authentic by At-Tirmidhi in his book on Hajj.

Prohibition of Bloodshed in Mecca

In the context of the tribal conflict between Banu Layth in the pre-Islamic era, a man from this tribe was killed by the people of Khuzā'ah. Upon the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) explicitly declared the sanctity of Mecca, forbidding bloodshed within its sacred precinct.

The Prophet emphasized the sacred status of Mecca, stating that it had been prohibited for bloodshed before his time, during his time, and will continue to be so after him. He specifically mentioned a specific hour of the day when the sanctity was lifted temporarily, categorizing it as 'my hour', during which any violence was strictly forbidden.

The hadith includes an incident where a man named Abu Shaṭa from Yemen requested permission to exact retribution for a murder. The Prophet agreed and granted him permission. Another man from Quraish also sought a similar permission, which the Prophet granted, except for a specific element called 'al-idhkhār'.

The Prophet's Words upon the Conquest of Mecca

Imam Bukhari narrated and said: Abdullah bin Rajaa reported that Shayban and others narrated from Yahya. Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us, saying: Abu Al-Abbas Muhammad bin Ya'qub reported to us, saying: Ahmad bin Shayban narrated to us, saying: Sufyan bin Uyaynah reported from Ali bin Zaid bin Jud'an, from the one who informed him, from Ibn Umar who said: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said on the day of the conquest of Mecca while he was at the door of the Kaaba:

"Praise be to Allah Who fulfilled His promise, granted victory to His servant, and defeated the confederates alone. Beware! The blood of the people of the Ignorance is wrongfully shed by someone who freely wields a whip or a stick. By Allah, even if a calf is killed contrary to what is due of its kind, its killer is to be charged with a hundred-year-old but not with more than forty Dirhams; even if it is taken out of its belly when it dies, they cannot take anything from it. Every claim or debt that was due in the times of Ignorance will be extinguished under my feet–except for the maintenance of the Kaaba and the duty of the pilgrims, for I will honor them."

Prohibition of Certain Transactions

Abu Amr Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Adib reported to us, saying: Abu Bakr Al-Isma'ili informed us, saying: Al-Hasan bin Sufyan narrated to us, saying: Qutaibah reported to us, saying: Al-Laith reported, from Yazid bin Abi Habib, from Ata bin Abi Rabah, from Jabir who heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say during the year of the conquest while he was in Mecca:

"Indeed, Allah and His Messenger have prohibited the trade of wine, dead animals, swine, and idols." They asked: "O Messenger of Allah, what about the fats of dead animals? For it is used to grease ships, fill lamps, and is used in the tanning of hides." He replied: "No, it is forbidden." Then the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) added:

"The collector of such animal fats will be given seven lashes and it will be confiscated by the Islamic state."

Translation of Classical Arabic Text

Hadith Narration

It was narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim in the Sahih that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "May Allah curse the Jews, for when they were forbidden to eat the fat (of animals), they melted it and sold it, consuming its price."

Prohibition and Practices

Abu Tahir Al-Faqih narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) forbade Muslims from using oaths in Islam as it does not increase faith but rather adds severity. He emphasized the unity among believers and their mutual support. The narration also mentions the ransom for a non-believer killing a believer, and the specifics related to accepting charity from non-Muslims.

Conquest of Mecca

When the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) conquered Mecca, he declared that anyone who lays down arms is safe. He also discussed topics such as those who did not trust and swear allegiance, the importance of hygiene (Istinja'), and the Duha prayer.

Prophet Muhammad’s Sermon at the Farewell Pilgrimage

During the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) addressed the gathered Muslims, emphasizing forgiveness and mercy from Allah. He highlighted the importance of upholding justice and ethics, outlining principles such as safeguarding blood, prohibiting usury, and sanctifying Mecca.

Key Points:

• Believers are equal in their rights and responsibilities.
• No killing of a believer is permissible except for specific circumstances.
• Marriage prohibitions include marrying a woman who has been married to one's paternal or maternal uncle.
• Specific rules on prayer and fasting are mentioned.
• Inheritance laws are detailed to maintain the integrity of two separate religious communities.
• Rules regarding legal claims and testimonies are explained.

Significant Narrations:

One man approached the Prophet seeking advice as someone was killed in a sacred place. The Prophet established the gravity of sins against Allah, including killing unjustly or engaging in pre-Islamic practices.

The Prophet also addressed a man confessing his past sin of adultery. Rules were laid down for such cases where a man alleges paternity of a child from such a relationship after embracing Islam.

Finally, the Prophet warned against two specific acts known as "al-lubbatain" and "at-tu'umtain" indicating inappropriate conduct and attire, respectively.

Translation from Classical Arabic

Hadith about Mut'ah During the Time of Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

It was narrated by Aisha that Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas assigned his brother Saad to get back his son from Ibn Walidah. When Mecca was conquered, Saad took the boy and Ibn Zam'ah said to the Prophet, "My brother and son of my father's concubine." The Prophet decided for Ibn Zam'ah. He said, "A child belongs to the bed and for the adulterer is the stone." He directed Saudah to remain concealed from him. She was never seen by him until his or her death. This Hadith was reported by Al-Bukhari in Al-Sahih from Al-Qasim and other narrators from Malik.

Permission and Prohibition of Mut'ah

The Prophet allowed Mut'ah during the year of Autas three times then prohibited it. Muslim narrated in Al-Sahih from Abu Bakr ibn Abi Shaybah from Yunus ibn Muhammad that during the year of Autas and the year of the conquest, it was once permissible. This Hadith is also reported by Rabee'ah ibn Sabrah.

Prohibition of Temporary Marriage in Islam

Upon the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) initially allowed temporary marriage, only to later forbid it until the Day of Resurrection. He warned against engaging in such relationships and emphasized that any possessions given in temporary marriage should not be taken back. This prohibition was reiterated in various narrations and became firmly established in Islamic practice.

Hadith Narrations

• One narration recounts the Prophet's prohibition of temporary marriage during his farewell pilgrimage.
• Another narration mentions the prohibition of temporary marriage at the Battle of Khaybar.
• Ali ibn Abu Talib reportedly heard Ibn Abbas discussing temporary marriage and reminded him that the Prophet had forbidden it during the Battle of Khaybar.

Scholarly Views

Scholars, such as Al-Hazimi, cited these narrations as evidence for the prohibition of temporary marriage in Islam. Ibn Abbas initially allowed it for those in dire circumstances, but later refrained from issuing fatwas permitting such unions, influenced by the Prophet's explicit prohibition. This reflects the consistent stance of Islam against temporary marriage.

Hadith on Inheritance and Legal Rulings

Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us, saying: Ali ibn Umar Al-Hafiz narrated to us, saying: Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Ziyad An-Naysaburi and Ismail ibn Muhammad narrated to us, saying: Abbas ibn Muhammad narrated to us, saying: Rauh informed us, saying: Muhammad ibn Abi Hafsah and Zam’ah ibn Salih narrated to us, saying: Ibn Shihab narrated to us from Ali ibn Husayn, from Amr ibn Uthman, from Usamah ibn Zaid that he said: "O Messenger of Allah, where shall we stay tomorrow if Allah wills? Or it is said: Where will you stay tomorrow?" He replied: "That is the time of the conquest." He said: "Has no one left a house?" And he said: "Indeed, the disbeliever does not inherit from the believer." Zam'ah said: "The Muslim does not inherit." And the believer does not inherit from the disbeliever. Zam'ah said: "The Muslim does not inherit." Ibn Abi Hafsah reported that it was said to Az-Zuhri: "Who inherited from Abu Talib?" He replied: "Aqil and Talib." It was narrated by Muslim in Sahih that Muhammad ibn Hatim narrated from Ru'h.

Clarification on Legal Rulings

Ka'b Al-Qarzi narrated to Abu Al-Muhasin Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Khaliq and I heard, Abu Al-Muhasin Ar-Ruwaini informed you in his book, Ahmed ibn Muhammad Al-Balkhi narrated to us, that Ahmed ibn Muhammad Abu Sulayman Al-Khatabi narrated to us, Ibn As-Samak narrated to us, Al-Hasan ibn Salam As-Sawaq narrated to us, Al-Fudayl ibn Dakin narrated to us, Abd As-Salam narrated to us, from Al-Hajjaj, from Abu Khalid, from Abu Al-Minhal, from Saeed ibn Jubayr, who said: "I asked Ibn Abbas: 'Do you know what you have done and what you have given a fatwa on? Your fatwa has taken its course among the caravans, and the poets have spoken about it.' He asked: 'What have they said?' I said: They said: 'You have said, O Shaykh when your session was lengthened: O Shaykh, what do you say about the fatwa of Ibn Abbas? Are you in favor of the leniency based on what Ibn Abbas has permitted, that it will comfort you till everyone has found their dwelling?' Ibn Abbas replied: 'We belong to Allah and to Him we shall return. By Allah, I did not give this fatwa, I did not intend this, and I do not permit except what Allah has permitted, like the carrion, blood, and flesh of swine, and it is not permissible except for the one compelled. And it is not but like carrion, blood, and flesh of swine.'"

Al-Khatabi in Maalim As-Sunan (3:191)(353) stated: So this? Between? For you it is showing the way of analogy. And he likened it to the one compelled to eat what sustains life and without it would lead to ruin. However, this is from the aspect of overpowering desire and its endurance is possible. And you can decisively combat it with fasting and treatment for neither of them are like the other when it comes to legal necessity.

Hadith Narration on the Conquest of Mecca

In a narration by Imam Al-Bukhari, it is reported that during the time of the conquest of Mecca, Osama bin Zaid inquired from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), "O Messenger of Allah, where will you stay tomorrow if Allah wills?" The Prophet responded, "Has Aqil left a house for us?" then he added, "A disbeliever cannot inherit from a believer, nor can a believer inherit from a disbeliever."

Additional Narrations

Another narration, reported by Imam Ahmad, mentions that Osama asked the same question and the Prophet replied with the same answer. The narration is also found in Sahih Muslim and Sunan Ibn Majah.

Significance of the Narration

Various scholars, such as Al-Razi, have emphasized the uniqueness of this narration by Al-Zuhri and its importance in the context of the conquest of Mecca. The narration sheds light on the Prophet's insightful comments regarding inheritance and living arrangements during that crucial time.

Reflections on the Conquest of Mecca

The companion Jabir bin Abdullah recalls a profound moment during the conquest of Mecca when the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) pointed to the place of his house, reflecting on the shared history with the Quraysh in disbelief. This event marked a significant turning point in the history of Islam.

Hadith on the Prophet's Stay at Bani Kinana's Encampments

Abu Abdullah Al-Hafiz informed us, saying: Ahmad ibn Muhammad narrated to us, saying: Hammad ibn Shakir told us, saying: Muhammad ibn Isma'il narrated to us, saying: Abu Al-Yaman informed us, saying: Shu'ayb told us, saying: Abu Al-Zinad narrated to us, from Abdur-Rahman, from Abu Huraira, that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Our designated place, if Allah wills, is when Allah opens Khaybar, where they gathered to fight disbelief." This hadith is recorded by Al-Bukhari in this manner.

Upon approaching Bani Kinana's encampments, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) was accompanied by Umm Salama and Maimuna. Mu'awiya ibn Abdullah ibn Ubaydullah informed us, on the authority of his father, from Abu Rafi, who said: The Prophet was asked, 'Why don't you descend from the heights?' He replied, 'Is there a dwelling left for us by Aqil?' Aqil had sold the Prophet's residence and the residences of his brothers from men and women in Mecca. The Prophet was asked, 'Then descend into some of the houses of Mecca which are not your designated places.' However, the Messenger of Allah refused and said, 'I will not enter the houses.' He remained unsettled in the encampments and did not enter a house, persisting to come to the mosque from the encampments.

The wisdom behind the Prophet's descent at Bani Kinana's encampments, where they conspired to expel the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and Banu Hashim to the valley of Abu Talib, was to remind them of the hardship they had inflicted and to thank Allah for the great victory and enabling him to openly enter Mecca in spite of their efforts to expel him. The Prophet responded with forgiveness and kindness towards those who wronged him, exemplifying the grace of Allah, who bestows His favor upon whom He wills.